N-D Test Functions Y¶Yao-Liu 4 test objective function.
This class defines the Yao-Liu function 4 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:

Here,
represents the number of dimensions and
for
.
Two-dimensional Yao-Liu 4 function
Global optimum:
for
for 
Yao-Liu 9 test objective function.
This class defines the Yao-Liu function 9 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:
![f_{\text{YaoLiu09}}(\mathbf{x}) = \sum_{i=1}^n \left [ x_i^2 - 10 \cos(2 \pi x_i ) + 10 \right ]](_images/math/fd245592afe3daf213be95e86bb389151475d399.png)
Here,
represents the number of dimensions and
for
.
Two-dimensional Yao-Liu 9 function
Global optimum:
for
for 