N-D Test Functions O¶Odd Square test objective function.
This class defines the Odd Square global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:
Where, in this exercise:
![\begin{cases} d = n \cdot \smash{\displaystyle\max_{1 \leq i \leq n}} \left[ (x_i - b_i)^2 \right ] \\
\\
h = \sum_{i=1}^{n} (x_i - b_i)^2 \end{cases}](_images/math/a3e47ee52e313a22ab5f7d351951666fa88a20fc.png)
And ![\mathbf{b} = [1, 1.3, 0.8, -0.4, -1.3, 1.6, -0.2, -0.6, 0.5, 1.4, 1, 1.3, 0.8, -0.4, -1.3, 1.6, -0.2, -0.6, 0.5, 1.4]](_images/math/93161555b77bbe8cdc27ee8ff162b93ce7382ba2.png)
Here, 
represents the number of dimensions and ![x_i \in [-5 \pi, 5 \pi]](_images/math/9ead79d48a1352d2714e209c28d941fefb44a04e.png)
for 
and 
.
Two-dimensional Odd Square function
Global optimum: 
for 
