1-D Test Functions¶Univariate Problem02 test objective function.
This class defines the Univariate Problem02 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:

Bound constraints: ![x \in [2.7, 7.5]](_images/math/ec2f2c81b0ea8fa6e1c86d43c2784bce83ba54af.png)
Univariate Problem02 function
Global optimum:
for 
Univariate Problem03 test objective function.
This class defines the Univariate Problem03 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:
![f_{\text{Problem03}}(x) = - \sum_{k=1}^6 k \sin[(k+1)x+k]](_images/math/6c5d04495e70e61b46d1fe31b8e416fd0d7edd2e.png)
Bound constraints: ![x \in [-10, 10]](_images/math/b8a26eec4e1e5e01ac9a8e763e6c2753c67cb421.png)
Univariate Problem03 function
Global optimum:
for 
Univariate Problem04 test objective function.
This class defines the Univariate Problem04 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:

Bound constraints: ![x \in [1.9, 3.9]](_images/math/52f8acc80d7297449440a32ced7d77b81efa100f.png)
Univariate Problem04 function
Global optimum:
for 
Univariate Problem05 test objective function.
This class defines the Univariate Problem05 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:

Bound constraints: ![x \in [0, 1.2]](_images/math/9fb736a1dc384a7930a10d9b00159cfc8e3083c1.png)
Univariate Problem05 function
Global optimum:
for 
Univariate Problem06 test objective function.
This class defines the Univariate Problem06 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:
![f_{\text{Problem06}}(x) = - \left[x + \sin(x) \right] e^{-x^2}](_images/math/20785064f890c7ee54000fb57eb200780567fcf5.png)
Bound constraints: ![x \in [-10, 10]](_images/math/b8a26eec4e1e5e01ac9a8e763e6c2753c67cb421.png)
Univariate Problem06 function
Global optimum:
for 
Univariate Problem07 test objective function.
This class defines the Univariate Problem07 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:

Bound constraints: ![x \in [2.7, 7.5]](_images/math/ec2f2c81b0ea8fa6e1c86d43c2784bce83ba54af.png)
Univariate Problem07 function
Global optimum:
for 
Univariate Problem08 test objective function.
This class defines the Univariate Problem08 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:
![f_{\text{Problem08}}(x) = - \sum_{k=1}^6 k \cos[(k+1)x+k]](_images/math/07e22cc7c6456943f9b47290ea12f835def97e5b.png)
Bound constraints: ![x \in [-10, 10]](_images/math/b8a26eec4e1e5e01ac9a8e763e6c2753c67cb421.png)
Univariate Problem08 function
Global optimum:
for 
Univariate Problem09 test objective function.
This class defines the Univariate Problem09 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:

Bound constraints: ![x \in [3.1, 20.4]](_images/math/4682f404099bed97ca124079cd959ec3a7f114e3.png)
Univariate Problem09 function
Global optimum:
for 
Univariate Problem10 test objective function.
This class defines the Univariate Problem10 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:

Bound constraints: ![x \in [0, 10]](_images/math/40d7e1bd50984648495f59ec6939c266a658dfe9.png)
Univariate Problem10 function
Global optimum:
for 
Univariate Problem11 test objective function.
This class defines the Univariate Problem11 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:

Bound constraints: ![x \in [-\pi/2, 2\pi]](_images/math/d23e260d5d2cfcce53772cffd51f2e3cd6b73d89.png)
Univariate Problem11 function
Global optimum:
for 
Univariate Problem12 test objective function.
This class defines the Univariate Problem12 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:

Bound constraints: ![x \in [0, 2\pi]](_images/math/26cda4a30d6c603fe8ca703fc4eb88b236ff25c4.png)
Univariate Problem12 function
Global optimum:
for 
Univariate Problem13 test objective function.
This class defines the Univariate Problem13 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:

Bound constraints: ![x \in [0.001, 0.99]](_images/math/61a986c007e8fe47579b05a3f37d5eaa6cb1c6ef.png)
Univariate Problem13 function
Global optimum:
for 
Univariate Problem14 test objective function.
This class defines the Univariate Problem14 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:

Bound constraints: ![x \in [0, 4]](_images/math/0dff12037967fa460f8179d7fb5a13bc9d59d9b2.png)
Univariate Problem14 function
Global optimum:
for 
Univariate Problem15 test objective function.
This class defines the Univariate Problem15 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:

Bound constraints: ![x \in [-5, 5]](_images/math/1d0143c5a97cefe62f90257e0d8be285594ccd0d.png)
Univariate Problem15 function
Global optimum:
for 
Univariate Problem18 test objective function.
This class defines the Univariate Problem18 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:

Bound constraints: ![x \in [0, 6]](_images/math/8a526c4911114fce06dd822c5c4b6da64455f5ef.png)
Univariate Problem18 function
Global optimum:
for 
Univariate Problem20 test objective function.
This class defines the Univariate Problem20 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:
![f_{\text{Problem20}}(x) = -[x-\sin(x)]e^{-x^2}](_images/math/cf7f6851e41a41c9fd4d1514f625cbd5dd8726e7.png)
Bound constraints: ![x \in [-10, 10]](_images/math/b8a26eec4e1e5e01ac9a8e763e6c2753c67cb421.png)
Univariate Problem20 function
Global optimum:
for 
Univariate Problem21 test objective function.
This class defines the Univariate Problem21 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:

Bound constraints: ![x \in [0, 10]](_images/math/40d7e1bd50984648495f59ec6939c266a658dfe9.png)
Univariate Problem21 function
Global optimum:
for 
Univariate Problem22 test objective function.
This class defines the Univariate Problem22 global optimization problem. This is a multimodal minimization problem defined as follows:

Bound constraints: ![x \in [0, 20]](_images/math/4e6b1c5b795744f3204a967cd73bc92993d569cf.png)
Univariate Problem22 function
Global optimum:
for 